骨折术后患者转运注意事项:家属必知的安全护送指南(2026年更新)

康顺转运
2026-8-31
15 次阅读

The transfer phase after fracture surgery is a critical yet often overlooked step in rehabilitation. Many family members focus solely on "can they walk?" upon discharge, neglecting proper positioning, immobilization, and pain management during transport. Improper handling can lead to hardware displacement, wound dehiscence, or even secondary injury.

本文将从固定方式、体位管理、疼痛控制、途中监护四个维度,为家属提供一份实用的术后安全转运指南。

一、转运前的评估与准备

1.1 确认转运时机

并非所有骨折术后患者都适合立即出院转运。以下情况建议暂缓转运,继续住院观察:

  • 术后 24 小时内,生命体征尚未稳定
  • 伤口渗血明显,敷料需要频繁更换
  • 患肢肿胀严重,骨筋膜室综合征风险未排除
  • 合并其他基础疾病(如糖尿病、高血压)控制不佳

主治医生评估后认为可以出院转运的,方可安排。家属不应自行决定提前转运。

1.2 准备转运材料

出发前,家属应准备以下材料:

  • Discharge summary and operative report (copies)
  • 影像学资料(X 光片、CT 片)
  • 用药清单(含抗凝药、止痛药的用法用量)
  • 复诊预约单

These materials may be needed during transit and after arrival at the destination.

二、固定与体位管理

2.1 不同骨折部位的固定要求

骨折部位 固定方式 转运体位
下肢骨折(股骨、胫骨) 石膏或支具固定 平卧位,患肢垫高 15-20 厘米
上肢骨折(肱骨、尺桡骨) Sling or splint 半卧位或平卧位,患肢置于胸前
脊柱骨折 硬板床 + 腰围 严格平卧位,禁止坐起或扭转
骨盆骨折 骨盆带固定 平卧位,双膝微屈

2.2 搬运技巧

搬运骨折术后患者时,应遵循"三人平托法":

  1. 三人站在患者同一侧,分别托住头肩部、腰臀部和双下肢
  2. 统一口令,同时用力,保持脊柱呈一条直线
  3. 缓慢平移至担架或转运床上
  4. Avoid twisting, bending, or overextending at all times.

对于脊柱骨折患者,必须使用铲式担架或脊柱板,严禁一人抱头一人抬脚的"折刀式"搬运。

III. Pain Management

3.1 转运前的镇痛准备

转运前 30 分钟,可按医嘱给予口服止痛药。常用方案包括:

  • 对乙酰氨基酚 500mg(轻度疼痛)
  • 布洛芬 400mg(中度疼痛)
  • Tramadol 50 mg (moderate to severe pain, prescription required)

注意:如果患者正在使用抗凝药物(如利伐沙班),应避免使用 NSAIDs 类止痛药(如布洛芬、双氯芬酸),以免增加出血风险。

3.2 途中疼痛监测

家属在转运途中应每 15-20 分钟询问一次患者的疼痛程度,使用 0-10 分的数字评分法:

  • 0-3 分:轻度,可耐受,继续观察
  • 4-6 minutes: Moderate; adjust position or administer additional analgesics
  • 7-10 分:重度,立即停车处理,必要时就近就医

四、途中监护要点

4.1 生命体征监测

转运途中应持续观察以下指标:

  • 意识状态:是否清醒、对答是否切题
  • 呼吸频率:正常 12-20 次/分钟
  • 患肢末梢循环:观察脚趾或手指的颜色、温度和毛细血管充盈时间
  • 伤口敷料:是否有渗血、渗液

4.2 常见突发情况处理

情况一:患肢肿胀加剧

  • 立即抬高患肢
  • 检查石膏或绷带是否过紧
  • 如出现剧烈疼痛、麻木、发紫,警惕骨筋膜室综合征,需紧急就医

情况二:伤口渗血

  • 在原有敷料上加压包扎
  • 不要拆开原有敷料查看
  • Record the area of bleeding and inform the attending physician upon arrival.

情况三:恶心呕吐

  • 将患者头部偏向一侧,防止误吸
  • Pause Water
  • 如持续呕吐,需排除颅内并发症(尤其是合并头部外伤者)

五、转运工具的选择

5.1 救护车 vs 私家车

对比项 专业救护车 私家车
担架设备 有,可平稳搬运 无,搬运困难
急救设备 氧气、监护仪、急救药品 无
医护人员 随车医护,可途中处理 无
Space 宽敞,便于操作 狭窄,体位受限
Cost 按里程计费 油费

对于骨折术后患者,尤其是脊柱骨折、骨盆骨折或多发性骨折,强烈建议选择专业救护车转运。私家车仅适用于上肢简单骨折、短距离转运且患者状态稳定的情况。

5.2 长途转运的特殊考虑

跨市或跨省长途转运(超过 100 公里)还需注意:

  • 每 1-1.5 小时停车检查一次患肢血运和伤口
  • 准备充足的止痛药和饮用水
  • 提前规划路线,避开颠簸路段
  • 与目的地医院提前沟通,确保接诊准备就绪

6. Handover Upon Arrival

到达目的地医院或家中后,转运人员应与接诊方完成以下交接:

  1. 书面交接:出院小结、手术记录、用药清单
  2. Verbal Handover: Special Circumstances During Transport (e.g., increased pain, wound bleeding)
  3. 体位交接:确认患肢体位正确、固定牢靠
  4. 用药交接:最后一次止痛药的时间和剂量

骨折术后的安全转运,是康复链条中不可或缺的一环。充分的准备、正确的固定、合理的镇痛和细致的监护,缺一不可。希望本文能为家属提供实用的参考,让每一次转运都安全、平稳。


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参考来源

  1. [1]Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions— 中国政府网
  2. [2]Administrative Measures for Pre-hospital Medical Emergency Care— 国家卫生健康委员会
  3. [3]《非急救医疗转运服务规范》— 交通运输部
  4. [4]急救医疗转运常识与注意事项— 中国政府网

The information above is for educational purposes only. Specific policies are subject to those issued by local health authorities.

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